hokkaido population 2022how to edit file in docker container
2017). In general, Sapporos population is increasing, but not all of Sapporos wards are growing at the same rate. This suggests that populations having different mtDNA lineages underwent admixture due to male dispersal, contributing to the current structure of the Hokkaido population. 1. Your browser does not support JavaScript, or it is disabledPlease check the site policy for more information. 2018), and the Hokkaido population could likewise be affected. 2007) were calculated by using EIGENSOFT. North America includes eight individuals (Alaska, Denali, Kenai, Admiralty 1, Admiralty 2, Baranof, Chichagof 1, and Chichagof 2). The two most eastern wards Atsubetsu-ku and Kiyota-ku have also gotten smaller in recent years each losing 2% of their population. 2017; supplementary table S1, Supplementary Material online) were mapped to the polar bear reference genome (Liu et al. 2007) under the options het and vcftools, respectively. It is calculated as the average number of children an average woman will have during her reproductive period (15 to 49 years old) based on the current fertility rates of every age group in the country, and assuming she is not subject to mortality. All the information presented on our website is for informational purposes only and is not official documentation and may not have any legal force. You may not have expected drift ice to be part of your itinerary when deciding to visit Japan, but thats exactly what you will find in the northeasterly Shiretoko National Park. 5 (Schliep 2011), with the Asiatic black bear (supplementary table S1, Supplementary Material online) as an outgroup. Populations are labeled at the bottom. A principal component analysis (PCA) for all brown bears examined (fig. 2014), we used the sequence of the Asiatic black bear as the outgroup. This autosomal genetic similarity contrasts with the geographically separate mitochondrial lineages on Hokkaido and indicates the occurrence of male-driven gene flow between subpopulations. (2018) showed that gene flow occurred from the now-extinct cave bear (Ursus spelaeus), which is placed to the outgroup of the brown and polar bears, to brown bears. Trusted. 0. 2012; Cahill et al. Phylogenetic tree based on the mitogenome (A). For forecasted years, the U.N. medium-fertility variant is used. (2013). The first principal component of PCA, the clustering of ADMIXTURE at K=2, and Fst values all suggest that the nuclear genome of brown bears on Hokkaido differs from that in the continental populations. Another area worth mentioning is Toyohira-ku (which includes the Sapporo Dome and Sapporo University). 2. Known for Lakes, Hot springs and Small town. 2013) have found that polar bears group within clade 2, which includes brown bears from the ABC islands. According to population figures released June 3 by the health ministry, 811,604 births were recorded in 2021, the lowest figure on record and the sixth consecutive year of decreases in births. By dispersal, alleles of the southern and eastern Hokkaido lineages have been shared with the central Hokkaido population. The natural population decline of 628,205, calculated by deducting the number of births from the number of deaths, in 2021 was the largest ever. But the government projection was that births would fall under 815,000 in 2027. S7, Supplementary Material online) because the PSMC estimates indicated no historical increase in population size on Hokkaido. The second principal component (vertical axis) separated southern Hokkaido 1 from southern Hokkaido 2, whereas in each case the two individuals from central Hokkaido and those from eastern Hokkaido were closely related to one another. 1. 1994), bottlenecks caused by human activity (Waits et al. Hirata et al. The demographic history of brown bears, which are distributed widely in the northern hemisphere is complex, so it is still unclear although the previous studies using various DNA sequences have been done. 1.9 (Li et al. Lets explore the Japanese capital from the viewpoint of wheelchair users and people with disabilities with Barry Joshua Grisdale. This result is incongruent with previous studies based on major histocompatibility complex class-II DQA genes (Goda et al. Within the latter clade, the Hokkaido individuals comprise three distinct lineages, clade 4, 3b, and 3a2, from southern, eastern, and central Hokkaido, respectively, and an individual from Georgia was included in neither clades 3a1 nor 3a2. 1992; Keinan et al. The Alaskan brown bear was removed from the result because its sequences data (SRR7758718) do not include mitochondrial DNA data. Three different mtDNA lineages, clades 4, 3a2, and 3b appear to have migrated from the Eurasian Continent to Hokkaido Island, Japan, at different times (Hirata et al. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. McLellan BN, Proctor MF, Huber D, Michel S. Osada N, Hettiarachchi N, Babarinde AI, Saitou N, Blancher A. Pockrandt C, Alzamel M, Iliopoulos CS, Reinert K. Pongracz JD, Paetkau D, Branigan M, Richardson E. Randi E, Gentile L, Boscagli G, Huber D, Roth HU. Bears from Hokkaido and that from North America were not closely related to each other (4 = 0.0019050 to 0.001230, |Z score| > 3). 1999; Hirata et al. 2000; Barnes et al. Population: Overall total population (both sexes and all ages) in the country as of July 1 of the year indicated, as estimated by the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Known as the roof of Hokkaido for containing the highest peaks on the island, the volcanic range is a great place to ski. A negative number means that there are more emigrants than immigrants. White label accounts can distribute our data. 2015). This study examined the bear population on the Hokkaido Island, Japan, with the whole-genome analysis, and compared it with the continental ones. Hybridization between different lineages has occurred following migration because the central Hokkaido lineage (clade 3a2), which is estimated to have migrated to Hokkaido after 50 ka (Hirata et al. It is also the most expensive ward if youre looking to buy a house or to rent an apartment in Sapporo. Their population demography could have differed from that of continental populations after those times. Urban Population: Population living in areas classified as urban according to the criteria used by each country. Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University. 2011) and male-biased gene flow caused by sex-biased dispersal. 1.3.0 (Alexander et al. 2015; Benazzo et al. Consistent with this result, the haplotype from Georgia was included in clade 3a but not in clade 3a1. PSMC estimates of brown bear effective population size (Ne) through time. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (, A chromosome-length reference genome for the endangered Pacific pocket mouse reveals recent inbreeding in a historically large population, Chromosome-scale genome assembly of the hexaploid Taiwanese goosefoot djulis (, Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of the Butter Clam, About the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution, https://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2022 Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution, Copyright 2022 Oxford University Press. 2012). Global Rank: Position held by Japan in the list of all countries worldwide ranked by population (from the highest population to the lowest population) as of July 1 of the year indicated. More locally, values for 4(Asiatic black bear, X; Hokkaido 1, Hokkaido 2) showed that southern Hokkaido 1 individual shared more alleles with European individuals than with other Hokkaido individuals. World Population: Total World Population as of July 1 of the year indicated. Expedia, Inc. is not responsible for content on external Web sites. Autosomal Fst Values Among Groups of Bears Representing the Hokkaido, European, and North American Populations. Values for 4(Asiatic black bear, X; Hokkaido 1, Hokkaido 2), where X indicates brown bears other than those from Hokkaido, were calculated to estimate allele-sharing bias within the Hokkaido populations. Late-Quaternary biogeographic scenarios for the brown bear (, Genetic diversity of the MHC class-II DQA gene in brown bears (, Nuclear genomic sequences reveal that polar bears are an old and distinct bear lineage. Hokkaido, Japan population is constantly growing, and we can estimate the main milestones of Japan population. Our analysis included the whole-genomic sequences we obtained from six brown bears from Hokkaido (accession numbers: DRR276774DRR276779) and previously reported sequences of 17 individuals from other areas (fig. Four ski resorts, one dramatic mountain and lots of fun await powder hounds who travel to this top Japanese skiing destination. 2013; Tumendemberel et al. Tokyo had the lowest fertility rate of 1.08, followed by Miyagi Prefecture at 1.15 and Hokkaido at 1.20. Here we report on the genetic diversity, genetic structure and genealogy, demographic dynamics of the Hokkaido brown bear based on whole-genomic sequences; compare our results with those from previous studies on other populations; and discuss the demographic history between the Hokkaido bears and continental populations. Sakurajima erupts; alert level raised to highest 5 for 1st time, Takayama float returns to Gion Festival in Kyoto after 196 years. Travel to an agricultural town in the heart of Japan's second-largest island for lavender farms and year-round outdoor pursuits, including skiing and snowboarding. Separation of the Hokkaido population into three subpopulations as indicated by the first principal component in the PCA analysis, and higher Fst values between eastern and central-southern Hokkaido individuals, indicate not only IBD but also some effect by a geographic barrier across the easternsouthern/central boundary, although what is the geographic barrier is still unknown. 2A) reconstructed using complete mtDNA sequences shows two main clades, one comprising bears from western Europe, a polar bear, and bears from southeastern Alaska (ABC islands), and the other comprising bears from Alaska (Kenai and Denali), Hokkaido, and eastern Europe. The actual figure fell between those two projections. In an analysis of several nuclear genes, Hailer et al. Result of the PCA for all brown bears. googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1518226592045-0'); }); googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1518226653270-0'); }); Osaka issues a red alert as COVID-19 cases continue to rise, Mt. Most previous mtDNA analyses found that clade 3a included only two clades, the East European and Alaskan lineage (clade 3a1) and the central Hokkaido lineage (clade 3a2; Hirata et al. Marriages declined for the second straight year to 501,116, the lowest figure after World War II. The Author(s) 2021. In a PCA for only the Hokkaido individuals (supplementary fig. (2011) found a clear allopatric distribution of mtDNA lineages, our results from the whole autosomal genome indicated that individuals from the same population may be closely related even if their mtDNA haplogroups are different, which is consistent with the results of Hailer et al. Figure1 and supplementary table S1, Supplementary Material online, indicate the sampling locations of these bears. Clade designations to the right refer to Hirata et al. Trading Economics welcomes candidates from around the world. S3, Supplementary Material online). Elaboration of data by United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. No reproduction or republication without written permission. Copyright The Asahi Shimbun Company. 2013). Historical demography was reconstructed based on the pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent (PSMC). The Hokkaido population appears to have undergone two demographic events. The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere (McLellan et al. Advanced users can use our Python/R/Matlab packages. Polszczyzna Franais Deutsch Espaol Portugus Italiano etina Nederlands Trke Bahasa Melayu Dansk Ting Vit Romn Svenska Filipino Bahasa Indonesia , 2022 ZHUJIWORLD.COM | Privacy policy, Today the average age of a resident of Hokkaido is. 2000), hybridization between related species (Pongracz et al. (2013) estimated that the southern Hokkaido (clade 4) and eastern Hokkaido (clade 3b) lineages derived from mtDNA continental lineages about 190 and 160 ka, respectively. The Y-chromosomal DNA analysis by Hirata et al. S6, Supplementary Material online). The dots indicate 4 values, with different shading indicating the population from which X derives: black, European population (Slovakia, Georgia, Sweden, Slovenia, northern Italy, central Italy, and Spain); dark gray, North American population (Alaska, Denali, Kenai, Admiralty, Baranof, and Chichagof); light gray, Russian population. Known for Cross-country skiing, Zoo and Rivers. The goal of this study is to further clarify the demographic history of brown bears, especially those in Hokkaido by analyses of whole-genomic sequences obtained by next-generation sequencing technology. (2014) analyzing Y-chromosome sequences indicated no allopatric distribution as shown in mtDNA analysis (Davison et al. Based on whole-genome sequences, Cahill et al. In Scandinavia, IBD has led to a strong correlation between genetic and geographic distances (Kopatz et al. As Japans snowiest island, Hokkaido is where residents from across Japan go to ski, see drift ice from the Russian seas and warm up in hot springs. (2017) found no correlation between the genetic affinity of paternal brown bear haplotypes and the geographical distribution on Hokkaido. Similarly, Barlow et al. Some gene flow, however, occurs between subpopulations within Hokkaido due to males dispersing more widely than females (Hirata et al. Travel to this town on the west coast of the island of Hokkaido for its scenic beauty and to enjoy year-round outdoor pursuits. 2017; Barlow et al. 2012; Cahill et al. Amuse yourself at its zoo, sculpture museum, pottery village, ski slopes and beautiful gardens. 2009), with the mpileup command set to the -C50 option. 4. (2017), although the cause remains unknown. 100% free. Sampling locations for brown bears included in this study. The Asiatic black bear (supplementary table S1, Supplementary Material online) was included as an outgroup taxon because previous studies (Talbot and Shields 1996; Hirata et al. 2009), DNA fingerprinting (Tsuruga et al. The optimal substitution model determined under the Bayesian information criterion was HKY + G (gamma distributed rate variation). . The Population of Japan (1950 - 2019) chart plots the total population count as of July 1 of each year, from 1950 to 2019. (2017) demonstrated that male dispersal does occur between populations with different mtDNA haplogroups. 2000; Barnes et al. For more detail, see our post on real estate data for Sapporo Wards. Hike across volcanic mountain ranges, enjoy the blossom-filled city parks and explore the famous lavender fields of the central farmland. Results for all Hokkaido individuals (B). Cancer was the leading cause of death at 381,497, followed by heart illnesses at 214,623 and natural causes due to aging at 152,024. The quickest way to reach Hokkaido is to fly from Tokyo to Sapporo. (2013) concluded based on mtDNA data that ancestral bears migrated to Hokkaido from continental Eurasia via Sakhalin Island. The number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found per individual ranged from 3,726,121 to 4,748,290, with a depth range of 8.61 to 54.87 (supplementary table S1, Supplementary Material online). 2010). 18H05508) and a Joint Research Program grant from the Japan Arctic Research Network Center. A reconstruction of historical demography showed no increase in population size for the Hokkaido population during the Eemian interglacial period (130,000114,000years ago). 2012). 2020) was used to calculate genome mappability and exclude SNPs with (30, 2)-mappability < 1 (i.e., the 30-mer starting from the site is unique in the genome even allowing for 2 mismatches). For more information, see our Privacy and Data Use Statement. Brown bears migrated to Hokkaido before the Eemian interglacial period (supplementary fig. 2. 2006) and ADMIXTURE ver. Enjoy its lake views, zoo, and sightseeing. This parameter provides an indication of age distribution. Copyright Worldometers.info - All rights reserved -, countries (and dependencies) by population, World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision, The population density in Japan is 347 per Km. The health ministry also said there were 16,756 deaths attributable to COVID-19. 0.11.8 (Babraham Bioinformatics 2011) and trimomatic ver.0.39 (Bolger et al. In the neighbor-joining tree (fig. Although the Hokkaido bears have experienced a population decline since the Last Glacial Period (70,00010,000years ago; fig. 0 (McKenna et al. 1999; Hirata et al. Current job openings: Download historical data for 20 million indicators using your browser. With ski slopes, parks, beer gardens and festivals, this sprawling city on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido has something to offer year-round. 2011; Colangelo et al. The most populous ward in Sapporo is Kita-ku, the northern ward (which includes Hokkaido University), followed by Higashi-ku in the northeastern part of the city (where the Sapporo Beer Factory is located), and then by Chou-ku which is the central ward (which includes Odori Park, the main Sapporo train station, Susukino and other popular attractions). One individual from Alaska (sample name: Alaska) is not shown in figure 1 because no information on the sampling location was available. The colors of the circles for Hokkaido individuals indicate the mtDNA lineage: white, southern Hokkaido (clade 4); dark gray, central Hokkaido (clade 3a2); and light gray, eastern Hokkaido (clade 3b). If you are visiting Japan during the winter, consider dropping by its northernmost island, Hokkaido. On Hokkaido Islands western coast is a seaside town famous for whiskey, wine, orchards, surfing and the first Japanese astronaut. 5 and supplementary table S6, Supplementary Material online) although only 4(Asiatic black bear, Spain; South Hokkaido 1, eastern Hokkaido 1) and 4(Asiatic black bear, Sweden; South Hokkaido 1, eastern Hokkaido 1) were statistically significant (|Z score| > 3) and both Z scores were slightly above 3, indicating that the statistical significance was marginal. Japans births in 2020 lowest ever; fewest marry since WWIIs end, Shrinking Japan: Births hit record low, deaths reach postwar high, Fertility rate drops to 1.36 in 2019, down from 1.42 in 2018, Traffic accident fatalities down for the 5th straight year, Japans centenarians to set record for 51st year in a row, For the first time, over 80,000 people in Japan are 100 or older. Love lakes, forests, and skiing? Our study also showed the same three lineages and the corresponding allopatric distributions. To infer which individuals were closely related to the Hokkaido individuals, 3 statistics were calculated with the AdmixTools software package (Patterson et al. In contrast, the neighbor-joining tree and 3 statistics showed that the Hokkaido brown bears are most closely related to the individuals from Russia, Denali, and Kenai, reflecting some genetic affinity between the Hokkaido population and individuals occurring relatively close by Hokkaido. We tested three situations, 4 (Asiatic black bear, Denali, Kenai, and Russia; other Europe or North America, Hokkaido), 4(Asiatic black bear, Europe; North America, Hokkaido), 4(Asiatic black bear, North America; Russia, Hokkaido), and 4(Asiatic black bear, X; Hokkaido 1, Hokkaido 2), where X indicates brown bears other than those from Hokkaido, to detect the genetic relationship between bears from Europe and North America, and allele sharing bias between other brown bears on the continent and Hokkaido. Rent an Apartment, Buy or Sell a House or Condo | FindHokkaidoAgents.com, Carefully-screened agents that communicate in English, Extensive database of agents, bankers, lawyers, tax specialists, and more, Introductions for properties located in Hokkaido such as Sapporo, Niseko, Asahikawa, and other cities. We search our custom database of over 1,500 agents to connect you to real estate professionals that speak your language, address your needs, and are available now to help you find what you want. Figure4A and B shows the probability that the individual from Russia belongs to both the European population and other populations. S4Supplementary Material online), the three groups appear as distinct clades. The proportion of the genome covered was 96.699.4% (supplementary table S1, Supplementary Material online). Matsuhashi et al. (2014) detected another haplotype from western Iran and the Caucasus (eastern 2) in clade 3a that was distinct from clades 3a1 and 3a2. In contrast, none of the six Hokkaido individuals indicated an increase in population size at that time (fig. 2017). (2001) and Davison et al. Below we present a list of the population of each ward in Sapporo Japan (2020 data). From our results, we concluded the following scenario and showed it in supplementary fig. 2011) for studying mammalian evolution at the population level. 2022 Expedia, Inc., an Expedia Group company. Hokkaidos main cities are filled with natural areas as well. Brown bear populations show complex demographic histories that reflect geographical isolation (Randi et al.
Teacup Pomeranian Puppies For Sale In Wisconsin, Standard Schnauzer Breeders Colorado, Alaskan Klee Kai For Sale Sacramento, Mastiff Rescue Near New Jersey, Seppala Siberian Husky For Sale, Docker Privilege-escalation Github, Miniature Bernese Mountain Dog Rescue, Liver And White Cocker Spaniel For Sale, Aussiedoodle Puppies For Sale Near Massachusetts, F1bb Goldendoodle Health Issues,